Influence of Diatomite on Distribution of Heavy Metals in Waste Incineration
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摘要: 选用管式炉作为燃烧反应器，研究硅藻土对垃圾焚烧过程中重金属铅、镉、铜和锌分布特性的影响，并运用HSC Chemistry 6.0进行热力学模拟。实验结果表明：硅藻土能使重金属更多地分布于底灰中，随着其质量分数的增加，对重金属的吸附作用逐步提升；600~800 ℃下，硅藻土对重金属最佳吸附效率依次为：Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu；900 ℃下为：Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu。模拟结果发现硅藻土能够与Pb、Cd、Zn反应生成相应的硅酸盐，对Cu的形态变化无影响。Abstract: The tube furnace is selected as the combustion reactor, the actual domestic waste is used as the raw material. The heavy metal content is measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), and the surface morphology of diatomite before and after incineration is observed by the field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM). The influence of diatomite on the migration characteristics of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in the waste incineration process at different temperatures (600 ℃, 700 ℃, 800 ℃, 900 ℃) and addition amounts (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) was investigated in this paper. And HSC Chemistry 6.0 is used for thermodynamic simulation calculations. The experimental results show that diatomite can make heavy metals more distributed in the bottom ash. With the increase in the amount of addition, the adsorption of heavy metals by the diatomite gradually increases. When the experimental incineration temperature is between 600 and 800 ℃, The adsorption efficiency of diatomite for heavy metals is as follows: Cd> Zn> Pb> Cu; at 900 ℃: Cd> Pb> Zn> Cu. Among them, the corresponding temperature for the best adsorption efficiency for Pb is 900 ℃, for Zn is 800 ℃, and for Cd and Cu are 700 ℃. Thermodynamic simulation found that diatomite can react with Pb, Cd, Zn to form corresponding silicates, and has no effect on the morphological changes of Cu. Combined with thermodynamic equilibrium simulation and experimental data analysis, physical adsorption and chemical adsorption coexist in the adsorption of Pb, Cd and Zn by diatomite, and physical adsorption is the main adsorption for Cu.
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Key words:
- Waste incineration /
- diatomite /
- heavy metals /
- migration and distribution /
- thermodynamic simulation
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图 1 实验装置系统示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of experimental device system
1-DSR-30A compressor；2-Air tank；3-Flow controller；4-LZB-10 glass rotameter；5-Quartz glass tube；6-SK2-4-12 Tube furnace；7-Corundum boat；8-Temperature controller；9-Fiberglass cartridges；10-Air bottle；11-HNO3 solution；12-H2O2 solution；13-Air bottle
图 4 焚烧后硅藻土的表面形貌
Figure 4. The FE-SEM diagram of diatomite surface morphology after incineration
图 5 添加不同质量分数硅藻土后Pb在底灰中的归一化分布
Figure 5. Distribution of Pb in bottom ash after adding diatomite with different mass fraction
图 6 添加不同质量分数硅藻土后Cd在底灰中的归一化分布
Figure 6. Distribution of Cd in bottom ash after adding diatomite with different mass fraction
图 7 添加不同质量分数硅藻土后Cu在底灰中的归一化分布
Figure 7. Distribution of Cu in bottom ash after adding diatomite with different mass fraction
图 8 添加不同质量分数硅藻土后Zn在底灰中的归一化分布
Figure 8. Distribution of Zn in bottom ash after adding diatomite with different mass fraction
图 9 硅藻土对Pb分布影响的热力学平衡模拟
Figure 9. Thermodynamic equilibrium simulation of the effect of diatomite on Pb distribution
图 10 硅藻土对Cd迁移分布的热力学平衡模拟
Figure 10. Thermodynamic equilibrium simulation of the effect of diatomite on Cd distribution
图 11 硅藻土对Cu迁移分布的热力学平衡模拟
Figure 11. Thermodynamic equilibrium simulation of the effect of diatomite on Cu distribution
图 12 硅藻土对Zn迁移分布的热力学平衡模拟
Figure 12. Thermodynamic equilibrium simulation of the effect of diatomite on Zn distribution
表 1 垃圾样品的元素分析与工业分析
Table 1. Ultimate and proximate analysis of sample
ωultimate1)/% ωproximate2)/% C H O N Cl Mad Aad Vad FCad 47.29 7.35 1.06 19.33 0.36 3.39 21.56 72.02 3.26 1)Ultimate analysis; 2)Proximate analysis; ad- Air dry basis; M-Moisture; V-Volatile matter; FC-Fixed carbon 
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表 2 热力学模拟初始值
Table 2. Thermodynamic simulation initial value
C H O N Si Pb Cr Cu Zn 15.72 28.97 4.81 0.28 0.55 7.24×10−5 7.56×10−6 1.18×10−4 1.61×10−4
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表 3 硅藻土对Pb的吸附效率
Table 3. Adsorption efficiency of diatomite to Pb
w1)/% η2) η （600 ℃）3) 700 ℃ 800 ℃ 900 ℃ 1.00 15.12% 13.59% 10.23% 22.54% 2.00 26.04% 24.26% 21.96% 36.70% 3.00 32.32% 34.75% 33.57% 54.65% 4.00 43.94% 45.68% 48.11% 64.95% 1)The added mass fraction of diatomite; 2)Adsorption efficiency; 3)The burning temperature
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表 4 硅藻土对Cd的吸附效率
Table 4. Adsorption efficiency of diatomite to Cd
w/% η 600 ℃ 700 ℃ 800 ℃ 900 ℃ 1.00 62.44% 111.46% 71.10% 33.76% 2.00 96.87% 149.98% 111.63% 79.68% 3.00 136.18% 235.51% 183.65% 174.40% 4.00 153.83% 283.10% 217.11% 210.40%
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表 5 硅藻土对Cu的吸附效率
Table 5. Adsorption efficiency of diatomite to Cu
w/% η 600 ℃ 700 ℃ 800 ℃ 900 ℃ 1.00 4.63% 4.59% 0.78% −0.57% 2.00 10.80% 11.79% −0.77% 1.67% 3.00 8.11% 10.94% 3.14% 1.27% 4.00 12.56% 13.94% 5.68% 4.24%
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表 6 硅藻土对Zn的吸附效率
Table 6. Adsorption efficiency of diatomite to Zn
w/% η 600 ℃ 700 ℃ 800 ℃ 900 ℃ 1.00 25.80% 24.12% 17.60% 19.58% 2.00 35.38% 35.72% 25.82% 25.75% 3.00 48.61% 57.48% 45.07% 40.57% 4.00 51.20% 58.28% 59.77% 46.60%
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