Abstract: With the acceleration of economic development and urbanization, the rapid generation of millions of tonnes of municipal solid waste has become a global issue. Incineration is an advantageous option for municipal solid waste stabilization due to its potentials for waste reduction and resource utilization compared with other methods of treatment. Incineration inevitably brings the environmental pollution related to heavy metal emission. In this study the effects of chlorides, sulfides and oxides on the migration and distribution of Pb during municipal solid waste incineration were investigated. A tube furnace equipped with an air supply system and an ash collection device were employed to simulate the incinerator. Finally, the content of heavy metal Pb was measured by an induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The results showed that at incineration temperature of 800℃, under oxidizing atmosphere, the addition of chlorine-containing substances could promote the transfer of Pb to fly ash. The effects of NaCl and PVC on the distribution of Pb in fly ash were different because the reaction products of NaCl and Pb were different from the reaction products of PVC and Pb. These results showed that NaCl had a slightly stronger effect than PVC on promotion of the volatilization of Pb during incineration. The addition of sulfur-containing chemicals could promote the transfer of Pb to fly ash. The effects of different sulfur-containing chemicals on the distribution of Pb in fly ash were also different. The addition of Na⁺ facilitated Pb to react with sulfur. It condensed, nucleated and reunited under the driving of airflow, and was captured by the fly ash filtration system, so that more Pb could migrate to the fly ash. The order of the influence of different forms of sulfur-containing chemicals on the migration of Pb in fly ash was Na₂SO₄ > Na₂S > S. SiO₂ and CaO showed adsorption effect on Pb. The chemical reactions between SiO₂ and Pb produced PbSiO₃, which was easily fixed in the bottom ash. CaO also reacted with HCl to generate CaCl₂, thereby reducing the production of metal chlorides and reducing the volatilization of heavy metals. Besides, CaO also exhibited physical adsorption capacity toward Pb. The adsorption effect of CaO was stronger than that of SiO₂.